Mon Mongol İnvasion of Europe: Battle of Liegnitz 1241
goals' Extreme Point: Battle of Legnica Genghis Khan was born as Timuçin; when he was later promoted to the great Khan of the Mongols, this name became known to everyone. Before he became ruler, he had lived a life as faint as he had been.
When his father was slaughtered by a tribe of a man he had previously killed, he had to flee with the rest of the family. From such an unfortunate start,
Genghis Khan succeeded in building an imposing land empire.
The basis of the Mongolian armies consisted of horsemen carrying horses, bows, and spears. This Mongolian warrior may be an ordinary unarmored hunter soldier,
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| Mongol İnvasion of Europe: Battle of Liegnitz 1241 |
he could have been an armored cavalry who could attack at least as much as a medieval knight. Mongolian horsemen, cavalry with similar equipment sent from various tribes against tax or most of the time it was reinforced by some expert continents selected from the Chinese.
Their two characteristics clearly distinguished the Mongolian armies from other contemporary military structures. Two key elements that fundamentally strengthen control capability: being able to manipulate and manipulate military arms located far apart from each other, and the ability to maintain command over the military, even in times of war.
The entry of the Mongols into Europe was like the demon descending to earth, in the eyes of its enemies. In the medieval mentality, a Mongolian army that came from the vast steppes, indeed it meant the wrath of God.
Battle of Liegnitz 1241
The invasion of Europe was part of a much more general Mongolian plan. Cengiz died in 1227 and Ögeday became the great Hakan in 1229 instead of his father. His father managed to unite the Mongol tribes and to destroy the legendary Khwarezm Empire of the steppes. Not content with that, he began to conquer China,
divided between the dynasties of China and Song. The capital Karakurum 's Genghis Khan was also founded. Ögeday convened a parliament in which he invited all the prominent figures of the empire he inherited.
Mongolian armies already on the Black Sea coast The news that he had reached Georgia had come out. Ögeday announced that he would continue the conquests in China. The lands in Europe were left to Batu, the grandson of Genghis Khan.
Some reinforcements were also sent to Batu's service. These are the warriors from the tribes in the last conquered regions. they were the most chosen commanders and soldiers sent for training and training. Thus Batu's army, 50,000 experienced Mongols, 20,000 taxpayer tribal warriors, and also, had Chinese and Iranian expert continents. In this way,
it was possible to form seven divisions, each consisting of 10,000 people. It was Sübedey, the legendary commander of the Mongols, who determined the strategy of the invasions and wars in the West. And the armies in the west were under his general command.
In Europe, the narrow-minded conflicts that prevailed prevented a joint reaction here. Between the Pope and the Holy Roman Emperor and none of them was able to send troops to the Hungarian king Bela 4, who was at the forefront.
The Hungarian king's vassals fell against each other and Bela's neighbors, taking advantage of the opportunity They did not refrain from throwing wood in the fire in the hope of getting them a share of the Hungarian territory. In the north,
Mongol İnvasion of Europe
the Polish kingdom could not hear the dukes attached to it to gather too much force. under the rule of an impertinent king. The heir of this monarch was trying to restore power in the country at that time. The Mongols had designed a very large-scale grapple operation. About a quarter of the army was sent to the north to attract Hungarian armies to the South Russian steppes. Lublin, Zawichost, and Sandomir were captured.
However, the news of invasion had spread so heavily; the expected response never occurred. In the south, the Batu-led main army destroyed Erdel on the northwest coast of the Black Sea. In the meantime,
the Mongolian troops forced three passages in the Carpathian mountains; The Danube and Tisza rivers become corridors that reach the interior of the country and Batu ended up in front of Pest in an instant, faster than a cascading river. Hungarian king Bela, the Mongol suddenly attacked he allowed the Cumans, who had been deported to the west,
to settle in their lands; The Cumans would secure the eastern borders of the Hungarians. When rumors of brutal Mongolian advancement are approaching, they spread from ear to ear King Bela gathered his army and as many allied forces as he could.
I had come to the chambers, but they were not willing to enter into Bela's military rule. Moreover, they demanded the immediate expulsion of the Cumans; the boundary line was split; The barons embarked on an untimely controversy and the Mongol hurricane took over the country. Only three days later, when bad weather arrived in Budin,
the Mongols were closer than thirty kilometers to the city. The Kuman warriors turned away and burned down the places they passed after the envy slaughtered the Hungarian noble leaders. Trouble didn't leave where it was; When the Mongolian danger was so close, the nobility could not leave him.
The Mongols turned to the sides of Krakow in the north; then they began to withdraw. The Polish ruler began to monitor the Mongol forces; The Mongols, on the other hand, left behind the captives they captured, looming in a so-called defeat. The Polish ruler continued his movement and ran to the assistance of his father-in-law Bela. The Mongols trapped the Polish. Leh army, about 39 km away from the city's safe walls,
it perished under the Mongolian arrow rain until the last time. Krakow was demoted by the Mongols. The next range was Breslau, north of Krakow; but while the Mongols were preparing to cross the Odra (Oder) river and attack the city,
the scouts had announced that a new army wishing to join the game had figured out the supply. The Silesian Henry had gathered the northern nobles and was waiting for Licenses in Wenceslaus of Bohemia. The Mongols, Wenceslas, and 50,000 men joined forces with Henry He immediately decided to take action.
The Bohemian commander was a day's walk away. Mongol troops were pushed forward without stopping by Wrodaw, and on April 9, 1241, weapons were withdrawn. The Henry army was simply complex; in the army, it was possible to find all kinds of soldiers from the best to the worst: On one hand,
the militia and the infantry against the tax, the feudal knights and their henchmen. Although the numbers are very small, some amount of St. Jean and the knight of the temple joined the army. But much more important, the legendary Teutonic knights, the presence of the great chiefs Poppo von Osterna in the Silesian army. With this last group,
the total number reached 30,000. Henry's forces were divided into four branches; while all the infantry are gathered in one section, other feudal continents were stationed on each wing of the Teutonic Knights in the center. Mongols, to the front of the battle line, deployed a mangudai unit trained to organize fake ricat maneuvers.
On both sides of these, besides the harassment attacks with bow and arrow, there were regular light cavalry regiments capable of performing heavy attacks. These equestrian archers were hidden in the hills on either side of the valley. Immediately behind the Mangudai unit, capable of harassing at least as lightly as the cavalry,
but beyond that, heavy cavalry was deployed, which could engage in total front attacks. The battle began when the Silesian light cavalry attacked the mangudai unit. The traditional knight of the Western knight, heaping into the heart of the enemy army,
it was a wild cavalry attack. Even though the first-line cavalry was repulsed, they reunited around the other arms that came after them. They took their place in the mass offensive. The Mongols at the front flanked an artificial defeat and drew the Silesians into the Mongol crowd.
For a further detachment of knights chasing their escaping adversaries from their main forces A cloud of concentrated smoke was released behind the cavalry attack. The Mongols did this with a type of grenade to create smoke.
Hungarians 'heavy horses failed to capture their opponents' nimble mounts and the knights who attacked themselves, they found it in the arms of the Mongolian hunters who had made rain on them from all sides. Mongolian wars,
tightly encircled the enemy rained arrows from the wings. Following the downpour of arrows, the heavily armored Mongolian horsemen plunged against the exhausted Christians. Although a Silesian arm tries to regenerate and attempt to reorganize these moves didn't do anything but leave your buddies vulnerable. and ultimately the entire Christian army, including the holy sect warriors, suffered a terrible defeat.
Behind the smoke curtain, infantry who are unaware of the cavalry's fate, the Mongolian horsemen following the defeated knights When they saw that they were approaching them, they began to flee. Truly, the Hungarian infantry, until the knights split the smoke in the defeated state and started running back.
they didn't understand what was going on. In the meantime, confusion, and turmoil, the infantry also broke down caused to escape. After a while, the Silesian escape turned into a brutal massacre. Wenceslas, who heard the news of the defeat,
immediately returned to where he came from and the Mongols, who had no power left before them, left no stones on the rocks in the valley of Odra. The Mongols had won a great victory in Eastern Europe… The day after the Battle of Leignitz, another Mongolian army, 805 km south, Erdel defeated the army and destroyed Hermannstadt.
On April 11, during the Mohi War, Suddenly he returned and eliminated the Hungarians who followed him. Thus, the Mongols, in just three days by destroying multiple armies, perhaps a mass of more than 150,000 combatants massacred. Europe was completely abandoned at the mercy of the Mongols. However, the premature death of Ögeday,
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