Russian conquest of Central Asia pakWap

With the Mongol Invasion spreading to Eastern Europe in the middle of the 13th century, almost all of the Russian Principalities, constituting the eastern group of Slavs, submitted to warriors from the depths of Asia. Except for those living in the very north,

 principalities and principalities were firmly attached to the Turkish-Mongolian Golden Horde Khanate. During the invasion of the steppe communities, the town of Moscow was an insignificant fortress-city built to prevent attacks from the southern border of the Vladimir-Suzdal Principality. With the death of Prince Alexander Nevsky,

 Moscow, one of the unimportant parts of the principality, remained as a homeland for his youngest son Daniel. Thus, the foundations of the Principality of Moscow were laid. Although Moscow was an overlooked place, it was a geographically important point. It was the crossroads of roads from Kyiv and Ryzan in the south to Novgorod in the north.

 Besides, it was on the Baltic-Black Sea-Caspian trade routes, and was in a convenient location for fur trade over the river. Being far enough north from the Turkish-Mongolian communities and naturally protected by areas such as forests and swamps; geographical advantage turned into demographic advantage. Because the southerners fleeing the Turks immigrated here,

 increasing the population of Moscow. The Moscow Knezes were able to crown their geographical and demographic advantages with their political abilities. They did not take an overly aggressive stance against the khans of the Golden Horde; They gained their trust and confidence. After a point, the Moscow Knezes began to be seen as the Khan'

s deputy among the Russians. Even Uzbek Khan gave the rank of "Grand King" to Iván Danilovich Kalitá. These factors naturally enabled the Moscow Principality to become stronger in a short time. Moscow Russians grew by capturing and influencing the lands of other principalities. As long as the Golden Horde Khanate was strong, 

it was reminding its existence by making raids on Moscow and other Russian principalities. However, the political events and fights for the throne in the following periods broke the power of the Great Khanate. In the middle of the 15th century, Kazan, Crimea, Astrakhan, Nogai and Sibir Khanates were established in the Golden Horde area. This, of course,

 benefited Moscow, which was getting stronger, organized and uniting other East Slavic principalities around it. Although the principality was attached to the khanate on paper, it started to act independently as the pressure on it decreased. Ivan III, who came to power in 1462, and Vasili III, who came to power afterwards, started the rise of their country.

 Novgorod and other principalities were taken in succession. In 1480, the attack of the Golden Horde was repelled and the principality gained its independence on paper with this victory. With the capture of all Russian cities and principalities at the beginning of the 16th century, Moscow was perceived as Velikoros, or Great Russia. Slavs, that is,

 Ukrainians living in the vicinity of Kyiv between the Dnieper and Carpathian Mountains, were already differentiated in terms of language and culture. The East Slavic population living around the Berezina River was differentiated under the influence of the Poles.

 In other words, the Grand Principality of Moscow reached its ethnic borders and acquired the identity of a Russian State. Ivan the Terrible was crowned tsar of all Russia in 1547. His aim was to drain his ruthless power out of Russian territory.

 One of its main areas of expansion was the lands that its neighbors had kept as a homeland for centuries by the Turks. The first Turkish land to fall was the Kazan Khanate. In 1552, the Kazan Khanate was abolished. The fall of the khanate to Ivan posed a great threat to most Turkish hands. Descending from the Volga to the south, 

the Russians chose the powerless land of Astrakhan as their next target. Following the fall of this place in 1556, the Volga Water, which would later form the backbone of the Russian economy, came under the administration of Moscow.

 The Russians, who spread to the Caucasus in time and were based on the Ottoman-Crimean domination area, were not yet at a level to compete with the Western Turks. That's why the sea ended in this region for them. But the Turkish world also had another end. 

The tsarism, based in the Urals, was eager to reach beyond the mountains. The tsar attacked the Siberian Khanate with a handful of men in 1582. The capital soon fell and the khanate was completely destroyed in 1598. With the destruction of this khanate, there was no organized and organized political formation to stop Tsarism in Eastern Siberia.

 Vast lands lay before them. They are also 17th century. They advanced without encountering any great obstacles and captured many places whose names we hear in Turkish epics, became neighbors of China, and extended to the Sea of Japan. Also in this period, many Turkish hordes, 

cities and principalities came under the rule of the tsars. Peter, who came to the throne at the end of the 17th century, was proclaimed emperor in 1721. This leader, known as the "Mad" or "The Great", not only made Russia one of the greatest powers in Europe with his conquests and modernization moves, but also gave the Russians a new vision and set great goals to reach. 

sailing to the Baltic Sea, settling in the Black Sea and descending to the warm seas, putting pressure on Iran with the Ottomans through the Balkans and the Caucasus, expanding towards China in the east, uniting the Slavs; They were the long-term goals of the Russian Empire. Another main goal was to capture Turkestan and reach northern India.

 The main lines of the Turkestan Invasion, which will keep dozens of videos for each war, event and phase, took place as follows. There were dozens of border fortresses, most of which were built in the 18th century, in the south of the Russians,

 Kalmyk and Bashkirs, in the north of the Kazakh Tribes. These castles, which formed a line on the Ural River and the Irtysh River, would constitute the bases that the Russians would use when entering the Turkish homelands. Kazakh Khanate, founded in the 15th century; It was organized as Big Juz, Middle Juz and Small Juz. 

The Cossacks were not settled and adopted a nomadic lifestyle in the steppe between the Ili and Ural Rivers. Because of these lifestyles, they could not be conquered. Even if you took the land under the nomads, they could get on their horses and go elsewhere. Therefore, in order to dominate them, you had to bind them to yourself and make them accept your superiority. 

Realizing this, the Russians tried to use the endless internal conflicts of the Turkish Khans to their advantage. The relationship between the Kazakh tribes and the Russians, who previously had commercial and military relations, started with the increase of the incursions of the Cungars on the Kazakhs in the east. In 1730,

 the Small Juz Han Abu'l Hayr, who was in a difficult situation, sent a letter to the Russian Tsarina Anna Ivonovna. In this letter, Khan stated that he wanted to join the tsarism. Although the people reacted to this initiative, after a while, Küçük Juz became an autonomous community affiliated to Russia. Even though the Middle Juz khans were also asked to pledge allegiance,

 they preferred to resist. When the khans became hostile to the tsar, Russia changed its policy. He provoked tribes such as Nayman, Argin, Kipchak, Kongrat and Girey against Veli Han, dividing the power of the Turks, and finally, at the end of the 18th century, he made the Middle Juz accept his superiority.

 The Great Juz in the south was more suppressed than the others from the east and south. Aside from the pressure of the Dzungar Khanate and the later Chinese, the spread of the Kokand Khanate in the south brought them closer to the Russians. During the 1820s, 

the tribes affiliated to the Büyük Juz were partly connected to the Tsardom. Moscow was not content with attaching the Cossacks to itself autonomously. From the 1820s, he built castles and created controlled areas in the north of the steppe.

 Cossacks have limited living space. The Cossacks later woke up and rallied behind different leaders and rebelled. But every rebellion was severely punished. Then Russia used its most important weapons, namely immigration and settlement! Many farmers from the large Russian population were settled here and the region was Slavicized.

 Even in modern times, migration is one of the most permanent methods of changing the demographic structure of a region and seizing it. Next were the Uzbeks who settled in Turkestan. The relentless struggle between the Khanates of Kokand, Khiva and Bukhara, with a total population of about 5 million, made them easy prey.

 The tribes were constantly in conflict with each other, and rebellion and conflict were not missing from these lands, probably due to the traditional Turkish management approach. Knowing this, the Russians observed the region for years and made their long-term plans. In 1845, they built their first castle by the Aral Sea,

 and in 1853 they took the Ak Mescid. Purposes; The aim was to bypass the Aral-Caspian area, where the population was low, and to create a fortress line starting from the Sir Derya river and continuing from the north of the Kyrgyz. Afterwards, 

they would start to act, but the Crimean war in the west with the Ottoman-England-France alliance wore them out. After the failure, they gave more weight to Central Asia for both political and economic reasons related to cotton production. They pressed the button in 1860. They captured Julek, Yeni Kurgan, Turkistan, Tokmak, Bishkek,

 Merke and Avliya Ata. In 1864, they took Shymkent. A year later, they took Tashkent by shedding blood like water. In this way, the Khanate of Kokand was squeezed into Fergana, and the Emirate of Bukhara was drawn into the war. 

Russian regiments led by Romanovski took Jizzak and Kokand in the 1866 Campaign. They did not slow down and in 1868 they captured Samarkand, the heirloom of Great Timur. With the fall of Semekand and Kokand, the two khanates agreed to be a structure affiliated to Moscow by sitting at the treaty table. 

Tsarism was doing all these invasion campaigns with a handful of men. The expeditionary forces amounted to a few hundred or a few thousand. The cannon and rifle in the hands of the tsar's soldiers were always superior to the swords, shields and sticks of the backward Eastern Turks. It's time to worry about the fertile Khiva Air, where the Uzbeks and Turkmens live in the desert.

 First of all, the Russians increased the number of their ports in the east of the Caspian. In 1873 they prepared for a major expedition south of the Aral. They formed a force of 15,000 soldiers, 4,000 of which were Kozak (Cossack), 44 cannons, 5,000 horses and 15,000 camels.

 This would be the largest force ever used in the Turkestan advance. The army under the command of General Kaufmann advanced in four directions and reached the oasis in harsh desert conditions. After a short chain of battles, he entered the Khiva. When the khan wanted peace, Khiva accepted the patronage of the Tsar in the same year. A few years later, the khans of Kokand in the east started a revolt to break the yoke. Skolebev, 

called the White General, intervened and suppressed the rebellion. In 1876, the Kokand khanate was abolished and the region was turned into the Fergana Governorate. Karakum was the only thing that kept the Oghuz Turks, the lords of the desert, away from the enemy. The Turkmen did not have a central khanate. Some lived in valleys near mountains and rivers, 

while others lived in deserts. They were closer to the Turks in the west of the Caspian than to the other Turani communities of Central Asia, both in terms of culture and lineage. They were adept at breeding horses and fiercely warriors. That's why the Russians were afraid of them. After the 93 War, the Tsardom decided to launch a campaign against the disobedient Turkmen. 

Earlier, in 1877, they had achieved an operating point close to Red Avrat. In 1879, they used this place as a base and organized their first expeditions. But this time it failed. In 1880, the Ahal Teke Expedition was launched under the command of Skolebev. The Russians captured Bami with a large force and reached Göktepe. 

Skolebev was a person who hated the Turks to death, he had no intention of looking at them in any way. He spent millions of rubles and mobilized all means for the success of this expedition and besieged Göktepe, the most important settlement of the region with thick earthen walls. The battle that took place was one of the biggest conflicts during the "Turkistan Occupation".

 While the Russians lost between 50 and 200 in the war, 25,000 of the 30,000 Turkmens remaining in the city were killed. The general, who did not let go of those who escaped, had 8,000 people killed with a follow-up movement. The general said, “

Annihilation movements against the monopolies must be carried out as soon as possible. This clinches the victory. If not done, victory will be overshadowed!” He was explaining in his own words. The White General would complete the occupation of Ahal Teke Valley by taking Ashgabat as well. By 1884, the oases of Tenjen and Merv had also lost their freedom. A year later,

 the Russians went as far as Taşköprü and Penjdeh to gain an advantage in the dispute between Britain and Afghanistan to determine the northern border. Overall, these struggles were part of the "Great Game" between the British and the Russians in Asian lands.

 The British were trying to take as much ground as they could and go to the north, while the Russians were trying to go south. As long as they didn't step on each other's feet, it was an imperialist race. When they would bump into their noses, then either a great war would break out or the insatiable colonialists would sit down and bargain… At the beginning of the 1890s,

 expeditions were made by the tsarist battalions to the Pamir Mountains, where some of the Kirgiz Turks were located, as well as the Tajiks who were Iranian peoples. was brought under control without difficulty. Although many tribes who fell in love with independence rebelled against the throne of Moscow from time to time, 

Russian conquest of Central Asia pakWap

the Russian Empire thus completed its occupation of Turkestan and continued its dominance in Central Asia for many years. Do not forget to subscribe to the channel, click the notification bell to be informed about the videos, like and share the videos for new videos to come. Have a nice day, hope to be with you with new videos.